Methods of screening for risk of proliferative disease and methods for the treatment of proliferative disease

ABSTRACT

A method of screening a subject for a proliferative disease risk factor comprises detecting the presence or absence of upregulation of the CLN3 gene in the subject. The upregulation of the CLN3 gene in the subject indicates the subject is at increased risk of developing a proliferative disease. Methods of screening compounds for the treatment of proliferative diseases based on the CLN3 gene and its product are also disclosed, along with methods of treating such diseases and vectors useful therefore.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of, and claims priorityto, U.S. application Ser. No. 09/830,045, filed Apr. 20, 2001, whichstatus is pending, which is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 national phase applicationof International Application No. PCT/US99/24695 filed Oct. 21, 1999,which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/105,262,filed Oct. 22, 1998. The entire contents of each of these applicationsis incorporated by reference herein.

The present invention was made with Government support under grantRO1-NS30170 from the National Institutes of Health. The Government hascertain rights to this invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention involves methods of screening for risk ofproliferative diseases such as cancer. The screening may be a diagnosticor prognostic screening. Methods of screening compounds for thetreatment of proliferative diseases and methods of treatingproliferative disease are also disclosed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The juvenile form of Batten disease is an autosomal recessiveneurodegenerative disease of childhood (Boustany R-M, et al., Am. J.Med. Genet. Suppl. 5: 47-58 (1988)). It is clinically characterized byonset at age 5-6 years with progressive blindness, generalized andmyoclonic seizures, cognitive and motor decline and death in the mid tolate twenties (Boustany R-M and Kolodny E H Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 145:105-110 (1989); Boustany R-M Am. J. Med. Genet. 42: 533-535 (1992);Boustany R- M and Filipek P J Inher. Metab. Dis. 16: 252-255 (1993)).

The CLN3 gene hypothesized to underly juvenile Batten disease encodes a438 amino acid protein containing six putative hydrophobic transmembranedomains (The International Batten Disease Consortium Cell 82: 949-957(1995); Janes R W et al., FEBS Lett. 399: 75-77 (1996)). It is expressedin a variety of human tissues including brain. The CLN3 protein ishighly conserved across species including dog, mouse, Caenorhabditiselegans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: (Altshul S F, et al., J. Mol.Biol. 215: 403-410 (1990); Mitchison H M, et al., Genomics 40: 346-350(1997)).

It has been debated whether the function of the intact CLN3 gene isantiapoptotic, and that its integrity might be necessary for neuronaland photoreceptor survival. (See, e.g., Howard M K, et al., J.Neurochem. 60: 1783-1791 (1993); Kulkarni G V and McCulloch C A J. CellSci. 107: 1169-1179 (1994); Kulkarni G V and McCulloch C A J. Cell Sci.107: 1169-1179 (1994) Kulkarni G V and McCulloch C A J. Cell Sci. 107:1169-1179 (1994); Walker P R, et al., Cancer Res. 51: 1078-1085 (1991);Bertand R, et al., Exp. Cell Res. 211: 314-321 (1994); Stoll C, et al.,Cancer Res. 36: 2710-2713 (1976)). An antiapoptotic function for intactCLN3 is not generally accepted.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As discussed in detail below, the present invention is based in part onthe demonstration of antiapoptotic function for CLN3, on the surprisingdemonstration of upregulation of CLN3 in cancer cells, and on thefinding that downregulation of CLN3 cancer cells inhibits the growth ofcancer cells.

A first aspect of the present invention is a method of screening asubject for a proliferative disease risk factor. The method comprisesdetecting the presence or absence of upregulation of the CLN3 gene inthe subject. The upregulation of the CLN3 gene in the subject indicatesthe subject is at increased risk of developing a proliferative disease.

A second aspect of the present invention is a method of screening acompound for efficacy in the treatment of a proliferative disease. Themethod comprises providing a group of subjects characterized by either(a) the presence of upregulation of the CLN3 gene in the group or (b)the absence of upregulation of the CLN3 gene in the group. The compoundto be tested is then administered to the subjects, and the efficacy ofthe compound in the treatment of the proliferative disease isdetermined.

A third aspect of the present invention is an in vitro method ofscreening compounds for efficacy in treating a proliferative disease.The method comprises determining in vitro whether the compound inhibitsthe expression of the CLN3 gene. The inhibition of expression of theCLN3 gene indicates the compound is useful in treating the proliferativedisease.

A fourth aspect of the present invention is a method of screeningcompounds for efficacy in treating a proliferative disease. The methodcomprises determining in vitro whether said compound specifically bindsto the CLN3 gene product. The binding of the compound to the CLN3 geneproduct indicates that the compound is useful in treating theproliferative disease.

A fifth aspect of the present invention is a method of inhibiting thegrowth of proliferative cells. The method comprises administering to thecells a vector containing and expressing a heterologous nucleic acid,wherein the heterologous encodes a product such as an antisenseoligonucleotide that inhibits the expression of the CLN3 gene in thecells.

A sixth aspect of the present invention is a recombinant vector usefulfor of inhibiting the growth of proliferative cells. The vector containsand expresses in susceptible cells a heterologous nucleic acid, whereinsaid heterologous nucleic acid encodes a product that inhibits theexpression of the CLN3 gene in said cells.

The present invention is explained in greater detail in the drawingsherein and the specification set forth below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Overexpression of CLN3 enhances the rate of NT2 cell growth.

FIG. 1A. Transient overexpression of CLN3: NT2 cells were transientlytransfected with CLN3 subcloned into the pCMV4 vector by the calciumphosphate method. The left panel shows results of semi-quantitativeRT-PCR analysis expressed as CLN3 mRNA levels relative to the internalcontrol cyclophilin MRNA levels. NT2 cells transfected with 10 μg ofCLN3 had a 4.5 times comparatively higher level of CLN3 MRNA thancontrol cells. The right panel shows overexpression of CLN3 at theprotein level as determined by immunostaining of NT2 cells withpolyclonal anti-CLN3 antibody. Intense brown staining indicates higherlevels of CLN3 protein in CLN3 overexpressing compared to control cells(scale bar 5 μm).

FIG. 1B. Stable overexpression of CLN3: NT2 cells were stablytransfected with CLN3 subcloned into the pOPRSV1CAT vector by thecalcium phosphate method. RT-PCR analysis shows the stably transfectedNT2 cells to have a comparatively 2.5 times higher level of CLN3 mRNA(relative to cyclophilin) with respect to control cells (left panel).The right panel shows overexpression of CLN3 at the protein level asdetected by immunostaining.

FIG. 1C. Western blot analysis of CLN3 protein overexpression. Equalamounts of protein extracts from NT2 cells overexpressing CLN3 andappropriate controls were analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-CLN3antibody. Cells were stably transfected with CLN3 subcloned either inthe pQPRSVI CAT vector (lane 1) or the pCEP4 vector (lanes 3 and 4). Thevector controls are shown in lane 2 (pOPRSV1CAT) and lane 5 (pCEP4).High levels of the CLN3 protein (˜55 kDa), indicated by the arrowhead,were observed in all three CLN3 overexpressing cell lines. Molecularweight markers, in kDa, are shown on the left.

FIG. 1D. Effect of CLN3 overexpression on NT2 cell proliferation: [³H]thymidine was added to NT2 cells stably transfected with CLN3 either inthe pOPRSV1CAT vector (left panel) or the pCEP4 vector (right panel) atthe indicated times and the incubation continued for another 4 hours.The incorporated [³H] thymidine is represented relative to that at 0hour which is taken as 100%. Each data point is an average of threesamples. The left panel shows results from one stable cell lineoverexpressing CLN3. The right panel shows results from two additionalstable cell lines overexpressing CLN3 (CLN3 I-pCEP4 and CLN3 II-pCEP4).

FIG. 2. CLN3 protects from serum starvation induced growth inhibition.

FIG. 2A. Serum deprivation results in inhibition of NT2 cell growth. Therate of growth of NT2 cells in the presence of serum (open square) orabsence of serum (open circle) was compared by plating equal numbers ofcells and counting at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 hours using the trypan bluemethod.

FIG. 2B. CLN3 overexpression enhances the survival of NT2 cellsfollowing serum withdrawal. NT2 cells stably transfected with CLN3 orthe vector (pOPRSV1CAT) alone were grown in serum free media for 12, 24and 36 hours and their viability assessed by the trypan blue method.Results are expressed as cell survival rate, which is the ratio ofviable cells in serum free media to those in media with serum. Eachpoint is an average of two experiments each of which was carried out intriplicate (p<0.05).

FIG. 3. CLN3 rescues NT2 cells from drug induced apoptosis.

FIG. 3A. CLN3 rescues from etoposide induced apoptosis: (i) For doseresponse curves, NT2 cells were treated with varying concentrations ofetoposide and harvested at 6, 12, 18 and 24 h intervals. Viable cellswere counted by the trypan blue method. Each data point is an average ofthree samples; (ii) NT2 cells that stably overexpress CLN3 were treatedwith etoposide (10 μg/ml) for 18 h and the viable cells were counted bythe trypan blue method. The bargrams show the survival rate (ratio ofviable cells in drug treated to untreated samples) of drug treated NT2cells overexpressing CLN3 compared to treated cells transfected withvector alone. Results are shown from three separate experiments, eachcarried out in triplicate.

FIG. 3B. CLN3 rescues from vincristine induced apoptosis: (i) Doseresponse curve was determined by treating NT2 cells with varyingconcentrations of vincristine and counting the viable cells by thetrypan blue method at various time intervals; (ii) NT2 cells stablytransfected with CLN3 or vector alone were treated with vincristine (1μg/ml for 18 h) and the survival rate determined by viability assayusing trypan blue. The result shown is for three separate experiments,each performed in triplicate. The bargram compares the survival rate ofCLN3-overexpressing and control cells following treatment withvincristine.

FIG. 3C. CLN3 rescues from staurosporine induced apoptosis: (i) Doseresponse curves for staurosporine in NT2 cells are shown. Viability wasassessed at various time intervals by the trypan blue method; (ii) NT2cells stably overexpressing CLN3 were treated with 500 nM staurosporinefor 18 h. Survival rate was determined by the trypan blue method and isshown for three separate experiments, each carried out in triplicate.The bargram compares the survival rate of CLN3 overexpressing andcontrol cells following staurosporine treatment, and the table showsprotection and degree of protection afforded by CLN3 overexpression.

FIG. 4. CLN3 overexpressing NT2 cells show less DNA fragmentation thanvector control NT2 cells in response to treatment with etoposide,staurosporine and vincristine. NT2 cells were transiently transfectedwith CLN3 (lanes 1, 3 and 5) or vector alone (lanes 2, 4 and 6) followedby treatment with either 10 μg/ml etoposide (lanes 1 and 2) or 500 nMstaurosporine (lanes 3 and 4) or 1 μg/ml vincristine (lanes 5 and 6).Low molecular weight DNA was extracted and analyzed on a 2% agarose gelin Tris-Borate-EDTA buffer (Rosenbaum et al, Ann. Neurol. 36, 864-870(1994)).

FIG. 5. CLN3 modulates ceramide formation.

FIG. 5A. Overexpression of CLN3 lowers the level of endogenous ceramidein NT2 cells. NT2 cells were either transiently transfected withCLN3-CMV4 (left panel) or stably transfected with CLN3-OPRSV1 CAT (rightpanel) and subjected to lipid extraction followed by measurement ofceramide. Each experiment was performed twice and in duplicate. Theaverage percent drop in ceramide levels of NT2 cells overexpressing CLN3compared to control cells is indicated within the bargraphs.

FIG. 5B. CLN3 overexpression prevents activation of ceramide byvincristine. NT2 cells transiently (left panel) or stably (right panel)overexpressing CLN3 and the appropriate controls were all treated withvincristine (1 μg/ml) prior to ceramide quantitation. Absolute ceramidevalues were expressed as pmoles/nmoles phospholipid and are shown below.The change in ceramide level for each cell line following vincristinetreatment was calculated as the percent change in ceramide betweenvincristine treated and untreated cells and plotted. Results are anaverage of two experiments. Vincristine % Change Untreated treated inceramide pmoles/nmoles pmoles/nmoles Treated-untreated/ phospholipidphospholipid untreated Transient transfection CLN3-pCMV4 4.62 ± 0.345.45 ± 0.50 +18.0% pCMV4 4.68 ± 0.4  5.92 ± 0.46 +25.5% Stabletransfection CLN3-Poprsv1CAT 2.47 ± 0.13 2.03 ± 0.14 −17.8% pOPRSV1CAT13.6 ± 0.04  20 ± 0.1 +47.0%

FIG. 5C. Ceramide causes apoptosis in NT2 cells. Equal numbers of NT2cells were plated and treated with increasing concentrations ofC₂-ceramide. Cells were counted by the trypan blue method at 6, 12, 18and 24 hour intervals. Each data point is an average of three samples.

FIG. 5D. CLN3 does not protect NT2 cells from ceramide inducedapoptosis. NT2 cells transiently transfected with CLN3 were treated with5 PM of either C₂- or C₆-ceramide for 18 hours. Cells were thenharvested and viability assessed by the trypan blue method. The datarepresents averages of three separate experiments (p>0.2).

FIG. 6. CLN3 protects PARP from proteolysis in NT2 cells. NT2 cells weretransiently transfected with CLN3 or pCMV4 and treated with etoposide(10 μg/ml) for 18 hours. Total protein was harvested from cells andanalyzed for proteolysis of PARP from 116 kDa to the 85 kDa fragment byWestern blotting using a polyclonal anti-PARP antibody. Lanes 1 and 3are transfected with pCMV4, lanes 2 and 4 are transfected withCLN3-pCMV4, and lanes 3 and 4 are treated with etoposide.

FIG. 7. Proposed role for CLN3 in positive regulation of cell growth.CLN3 acts upstream of ceramide and may regulate one of a number ofenzymes implicated in ceramide metabolism such as: acid or neutralsphingomyelinase (1), ceramidase (2), ceramide synthase (3), cerebrosidesynthase (4), and ceramide kinase (5).

FIG. 8. Leukemia cell line HL-60 shows an overexpression of CLN3compared to the transformed lymphoma cell line HS.

FIG. 8A. Column graph shows results of quantitative RT-PCR analysisexpressed as arbitrary units of CLN3 overexpression. HL-60 cells had 2.3times higher level of CLN3 mRNA compared to HS cells.

FIG. 8B. 10 μl each of HS and HL-60 cDNA, synthesized from the RTreaction, way hybridized with α³²P-dCTP in the PCR reaction. Theamplified DNAs were separated on 8% polyacrylamide gels and visualizedby autoradiography. Autoradiogram shows the amplified 289 by fragment ofCLN3 and 85 bp fragment of cyclophilin (the internal control) for eachcell line. The amplified signal was quantitated on a Molecular Dynamicsphosphorimager using ImageQuant software.

FIG. 9. Both the breast cancer cell line BT-20 and the colon cancer cellline HCT-116 shows an overexpression CLN3 compared to the control 293, akidney epithelial cell line. Column graph shows results of quantitativeRT-PCR analysis expressed as arbitrary units of CLN3 overexpression.CLN3 mRNS levels were 2.8 and 4.1 times more in BT-20 and HCT-116,respectively, than in the control.

FIG. 10. The breast cancer cell lines BT-20, BT-474, and BT-549 all showan overexpression of CLN3 compared to the control 293, a kidneyepithelial cell line. Column graph shows results of quantitative RT-PCRanalysis expressed as arbitrary units of CLN3 overexpression. BT-474,BT-20, and BT-549 had 1.9, 3.0, and 4.8 times more CLN3 expression thanthe control, respectively.

FIG. 11. The colon cancer cell lines HCT-116, SW480, and SW1116 all showan overexpression of CLN3 compared to the control 293, a kidneyepithelial cell line. Column graph shows results of quantitative RT-PCRanalysis expressed as arbitrary units of CLN3 overexpression. HCT-116and SW480 had 3.0 and 7.7 times more CLN3 expression than the control,respectively. SW1116 had a dramatic 21.5 times the CLN3 mRNA level thandid the control.

FIG. 12. Comparison of the CLN3 mRNA expression in two melanoma celllines, C32 and A-375, neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32, glioma cell lineHs683, and glioblastoma cell line A-172 to the control 293, a kidneyepithelial cell line. Column graph shows results of quantitative RT-PCRanalysis expressed as arbitrary units of CLN3 overexpression. C32actually had less CLN3 expressed, at 0.8 times, than did the control.Both A-375 and A-172 had a slight overexpression of CLN3, with 1.2 timesmore than the control. Hs683 had 1.7 times the CLN3 expression comparedto the control. IMR-32 had a notable 12.7 times the CLN3 expressioncompared to the control.

FIG. 13 shows the inhibition of growth of SW1116 colon cancer cells oneday after infection with a CLN3 antisense vector.

FIG. 14 shows the inhibition growth of SW1116 cells one day afterinfection with a CLN3 antisense vector.

FIG. 15 shows the inhibition of growth of SW1116 at various times afterinfection with a CLN3 antisense vector.

FIG. 16 shows the inhibition of growth of BT-20 breast cancer cells oneday after infection with a CLN3 antisense vector.

FIG. 17 shows the cell growth curve of BT-20 cells at various timesafter infection with a CLN3 antisense vector.

FIG. 18 shows the inhibition of growth of BT-20 cells at various timesafter infection with a CLN3 antisense vector.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Amino acid sequences disclosed herein are presented in the amino tocarboxy direction, from left to right. The amino and carboxy groups arenot presented in the sequence. Nucleotide sequences are presented hereinby single strand only, in the 5′ to 3′ direction.

The production of cloned genes, recombinant DNA, recombinant vectors,proteins and protein fragments by genetic engineering is well known, andcan be carried out in accordance with known techniques. See, e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 5,585,269 to Earp et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,634 to Liu; andU.S. Pat. No. 5,629,407 to Xiong et al. (the disclosures of all UnitedStates Patent references cited herein are to be incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

The CLN3 gene referred to herein is known, and is also referred to asthe Batten Disease gene. See, e.g., The International Batten DiseaseConsortium, Isolation of a Novel Gene Underlying Batten Disease, CLN3,Cell, 82, 949-957 (1995). The gene may be of any species depending uponthe subject and/or the particular use thereof, but is typicallymammalian and preferably human.

The term “risk factor” as used herein indicates subjects that possessthe indicated trait or factor face an increased risk of developing thecorresponding gene than subjects who do not possess the risk factor.

The term “upregulation” as used herein with respect to the CLN3 genemeans greater levels of the gene product are produced as compared tocorresponding normal subjects.

The term “treat” as used herein refers to any type of treatment thatimparts a clinical improvement in the condition of the patient, ordelays the progression of the disease.

The term “proliferative disease” as used herein refers to both cancerand non-cancer disease. Preferably the proliferative disease is onecharacterized by increased expression of the CLN3 gene product inafflicted patients. Illustrative non-cancer diseases includeinflammatory and/or immunoproliferative disorders such as arthritis,fibrosis, asthma and allergies. The invention can be used to screen forrisk of and/or treat a variety of different types of cancer cells,particularly malignant (and preferably solid) tumors of epithelial ormesenchymal cells. Examples of cancers that can be screened for risk ofand/or treated by the present invention include breast cancer, melanoma,lung cancer, colon cancer, leukemia (a liquid or non-solid tumor), softtissue and bone sarcomas, neuroendocrine tumors such as islet cellcarcinoma or medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, squamous carcinomas(particularly of the head and neck), adenocarcinomas, etc. The treatmentof breast cancer is a particularly preferred target for carrying out thepresent invention.

While the present invention is primarily concerned with the screeningand treatment of human subjects, the invention may also be carried outon animal subjects such as dogs, cats, and horses for veterinarypurposes.

1. Screening Applications.

As noted above, the present invention provides a method of screening asubject for a proliferative disease risk factor. The method comprisesdetecting the presence or absence of upregulation of the CLN3 gene inthe subject. The upregulation of the CLN3 gene in the subject indicatesthe subject is at increased risk of developing a proliferative disease.Thus, the presence of the risk fector is determined from theupregulation of the CLN3 gene in the subject.

The method can be carried out whether or not the subject has beenpreviously diagnosed as being afflicted with a proliferative disease,and whether or not the subject has been previously prognosed to be atrisk of developing the proliferative disease.

The step of detecting whether the CLN3 gene is upregulated (that is, thegene product thereof is found at increased levels as compared to normalsubjects), can be carried out by any suitable means. For example, thestep may be carried out by detecting increased mRNA levels for the CLN3gene in cells of the subject, or by detecting increased levels of theprotein product of the CLN3 gene in cells of the subject.

When the subject has previously been diagnosed as afflicted with aproliferative disease, the method may be carried out to monitor theprogression of that disease, or monitor the efficacy of drug treatmentsthat the patient has undergone for the treatment of that disease.Decreased levels of expression of the CLN3 gene would be indicative ofefficacy of the drug treatment.

As also noted above, the present invention also provides a method ofscreening a compound for efficacy in the treatment of a proliferativedisease. The method comprises providing a group of subjectscharacterized by either (a) the presence of upregulation of the CLN3gene in the group or (b) the absence of upregulation of the CLN3 gene inthe group. The compound to be tested is then administered to thesubjects, and the efficacy of the compound in the treatment of theproliferative disease is determined. It will be appreciated that notevery member of the group need possess the desired trait, as long as asufficient number in the group possess the desired trait so that thetypical effect of the presence or absence of the trait in the group canbe discerned. By incorporating this information into a drug trial,whether the upregulation of the CLN3 is present or absent in the group(or the group is divided into subgroups of those in whom upregulation ispresent and those in whom upregulation is absent) more accurateinformation can be obtained on the treatment of particular patients. Itwill be appreciated that it can be equally valuable to determine that aparticular drug is efficacious for a particular patient population as itis to determin that a particular drug is not efficacious for aparticular patient population, as the latter information can at least beuseful in directing therapy to more promising treatments.

In vitro methods of screening compounds for efficacy in treating aproliferative disease are also disclosed herein. In general, in oneembodiment, such methods comprise determining in vitro whether thecompound inhibits the expression of the CLN3 gene (preferably themammalian gene, and most preferably the human gene). The inhibition ofexpression of the CLN3 gene indicates the compound is useful in treatingthe proliferative disease. Numerous such methods are available. Themethods can be carried out in a cell or cells, or can be carried out inessentially cell free preparation. The method can be carried out byscreening for compounds that specifically disrupt either transcriptionor translation of the CLN3 gene. The compound to be screened may be amember of a library of compounds (the term “compound” as used in thisrespect referring to both small organic compounds and other therapeuticagents such as recombinant viral vectors). The method may be carried outas a single assay, or may be implemented in the form of a highthroughput screen in accordance with a variety of known techniques. Inanother embodiment, the method of screening compounds for efficacy intreating a proliferative disease comprises determining in vitro whethersaid compound specifically binds to the CLN3 gene product (preferablythe mammalian gene product; most preferably the human gene product). Thedetermining step can be carried out by screening for binding of a testcompound or probe molecule to the entire full length CLN3 gene product,or to a peptide fragment thereof (e.g., a fragment of from 5, 10 or 20amino acids in length up to the full length of the CLN3 gene product.The binding of the compound to the CLN3 gene product indicates that thecompound is useful in treating the proliferative disease. Suchtechniques can be carried out by contacting a probe compound to the CLN3gene product or fragment thereof in any of the variety of knowncombinatorial chemistry techniques (including but not limited to splitpool techniques, chip-based techniques and pin-based techniques). Anysuitable solid support can be used to imobilize the CLN3 gene product ora fragment thereof to find specific binding partners thereto (orimmobilize the members of the library against which the CLN3 geneproduct or fragment thereof is contacted to find specific bindingpartners thereto), and numerous different solid supports are well knownto those skilled in the art. Examples of suitable materials from whichthe solid support may be formed include cellulose, pore-glass, silicagel, polystyrene, particularly polystyrene cross-linked withdivinylbenzene, grafted copolymers such as polyethyleneglycol/polystyrene, polyacrylamide, latex, dimethylacrylamide, particularlycross-linked with N,N′bis-acrylolyl ethylene diamine and comprisingN-t-butoxycarbonyl-beta-alanyl-N′acrylolyl hexamethylene diamine,composites such as glass coated with a hydrophobic polymer such ascross-linked polystyrene or a fluorinated ethylene polymer to which isgrafted linear polystyrene, and the like. Thus the term “solid support”includes materials conventionally considered to be semi-solid supports.General reviews of useful solid supports that include acovalently-linked reactive functionality may be found in Atherton etal., Prospectives in Peptide Chemistry, Karger, 101-117 (1981); Amamathet al., Chem. Rev. 77: 183 (1977); and Fridkin, The Peptides, Vol. 2,Chapter 3, Academic Press, Inc., pp 333-363 (1979). The solid supportmay take any suitable form, such as a bead or microparticle, a tube, aplate, a microtiter plate well, a glass microscope cover slip, etc.

The present invention can be used with probe molecules, or libraries(where groups of different probe molecules are employed), of any type.In general, such probe molecules are organic compounds, including butnot limited to that may be used to carry out the present includeoligomers, non-oligomers, or combinations thereof. Non-oligomers includea wide variety of organic molecules, such as heterocyclics, aromatics,alicyclics, aliphatics and combinations thereof, comprising steroids,antibiotics, enzyme inhibitors, ligands, hormones, drugs, alkaloids,opioids, benzodiazepenes, terpenes, prophyrins, toxins, catalysts, aswell as combinations thereof. Oligomers include peptides (that is,oligopeptides) and proteins, oligonucleotides (the term oligonucleotidealso referred to simply as “nucleotide, herein) such as DNA and RNA,oligosaccharides, polylipids, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes,polyureas, polyethers, poly (phosphorus derivatives) such as phosphates,phosphonates, phosphoramides, phosphonamides, phosphites,phosphinamides, etc., poly (sulfur derivatives) such as sulfones,sulfonates, sulfites, sulfonamides, sulfenamides, etc., where for thephosphorous and sulfur derivatives the indicated heteroatom for the mostpart will be bonded to C, H, N, O or S, and combinations thereofNumerous methods of synthesizing or applying such probe molecules onsolid supports (where the probe molecule may be either covalently ornon-covalently bound to the solid support) are known, and such probemolecules can be made in accordance with procedures known to thoseskilled in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,324 to Still et al.,U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,514 to Ellman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,934 toFodor et al. (the disclosures of all United States patents cited hereinare to be incorporated herein by reference in their entirety).

Test compounds used to carry out the present invention may be of anytype, including both oligomers or non-oligomers of the types describedabove in connection with probe molecules above. Again, such testcompounds are known and can be prepared in accordance with knowntechniques.

Where multiple different probe molecules are desired to be tested, ascreening substrate useful for the high throughput screening ofmolecular interactions, such as in “chip-based” and “pin-based”combinatorial chemistry techniques, can be prepared in accordance withknown techniques. All can be prepared in accordance with knowntechniques. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,934 to Fodor et al., U.S.Pat. No. 5,288,514 to Ellman, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,711 to Sundberg etal.

In the alternative, screening of libraries of probe molecules may becarried out with mixtures of solid supports as used in “split-pool”combinatorial chemistry techniques. Such mixtures can be prepared inaccordance with procedures known in the art, and tag components can beadded to the discreet solid supports in accordance with procedures knownin the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,324 to Still et al.

2. Vectors and Administration.

Vectors used to carry out the present invention are, in general, RNAvirus or DNA virus vectors, such as lentivirus vectors, papovavirusvectors (e.g., SV40 vectors and polyoma vectors), adenovirus vectors andadeno-associated virus vectors. See generally T. Friedmann, Science 244,1275 16 (June 1989).

Examples of lentivirus vectors that may be used to carry out the presentinvention include Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus vectors, such as thosedescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,865 to Kohn.

Any adenovirus vector can be used to carry out the present invention.See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,913, U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,488, U.S. Pat.No. 5,589,377; U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,326; U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,146; andU.S. Pat. No. 5,585,362. The adenovirus can be modified to alter orbroaden the natural tropism thereof, as described in S. Woo, Adenovirusredirected, Nature Biotechnology 14, 1538 (Nov. 1996).

Any adeno-associated virus vector (or AAV vector) can also be used tocarry out the present invention. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,731;U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,158; U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,776; U.S. Pat. No.5,658,776; U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,856; U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,090; U.S. Pat.No. 5,589,377; U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,308; U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,935; U.S.Pat. No. 5,436,146; U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,678; U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,479;U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,414; U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,941; and U.S. Pat. No.4,797,368.

The regulatory sequences, or the transcriptional and translationalcontrol sequences, in the vectors can be of any suitable source, so longas they effect expression of the heterologous nucleic acid in the targetcells. For example, commonly used promoters are the LacZ promoter, andpromoters derived from polyoma, Adenovirus 2, and Simian virus 40(SV40). See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,308.

The heterologous nucleic acid may encode any product that inhibits theexpression of the CLN3 gene in cells infected by the vector, such as anantisense oligonucleotide that specifically binds to the CLN3 mRNA todisrupt or inhibit translation thereof, a ribozyme that specificallybinds to the CLN3 mRNA to disrupt or inhibit translation thereof, or atriplex nucleic acid that specifically binds to the CLN3 duplex DNA anddisrupts or inhibits transcription thereof. All of these may be carriedout in accordance with known techniques, as (for example) described inU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,650,316; 5,176,996, or 5,650,316 for triplex compounds,in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,811,537; 5,801,154; and 5,734,039 for antisensecompounds, and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,817,635; 5,811,300; 5,773,260;5,766,942; 5,747,335; and 5,646,020 for ribozymes (the disclosures ofwhich are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety). Thelength of the heterologous nucleic acid is not critical so long as theintended function is achieved, but the heterologous nucleic acid istypically from 5, 8, 10 or 20 nucleic acids in length up to 100, 200,500 or 1000 nucleic acids in length, up to a length equal the fulllength of the CLN3 gene.

Once prepared, the recombinant vector can be reproduced by (a)propagating the vector in a cell culture, the cell culture comprisingcells that permit the growth and reproduction of the vector therein; andthen (b) collecting the recombinant vector from the cell culture, all inaccordance with known techniques. The viral vectors collected from theculture may be separated from the culture medium in accordance withknown techniques, and combined with a suitable pharmaceutical carrierfor administration to a subject. Such pharmaceutical carriers include,but are not limited to, sterile pyrogen-free water or sterilepyrogen-free saline solution. If desired, the vectors may be packaged inliposomes for administration, in accordance with known techniques.

Any suitable route of administration can be used to carry out thepresent invention, depending upon the particular condition beingtreated. Suitable routes include, but are not limited to, intraveneous,intrarterial, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, andintralesional injection. Intralesional injection is currently preferred.

The dosage of the recombinant vector administered will depend uponfactors such as the particular disorder, the particular vector chosen,the formulation of the vector, the condition of the patient, the routeof administration, etc., and can be optimized for specific situations.In general, the dosage is from about 10⁷, 10⁸, or 10⁹ to about 10¹¹,10¹², or 10¹³ plaque forming units (pfu).

In addition to their pharmaceutical or veterinary use, the recombinantvectors of the present invention (sometimes also referred to as “activeagents” herein) are useful in vitro to distinguish cells in culturebased on their response to the active agents, to induce apoptosis, etc.Such techniques are useful for both carrying out cell culture proceduresand for drug screening purposes.

The present invention is described in further detail in the followingnon-limiting Examples. Abbreviations used herein are as follows: JNCL,juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; NT2, Ntera2/D1; NGF, nervegrowth factor; ICE, interleukin-1 converting enzyme; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chainreaction; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine;TUNEL, Tdt mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Drs. Terry Lerner and JimGusella graciously provided the CLN3 cDNA.

EXAMPLE 1 CLN3 Defines a Novel Antiapoptotic Pathway Operative inNeurodegeneration and Mediated by Ceramide

This example establishes a direct link between apoptosis andneurodegeneration in Batten disease at a molecular level.

I. Experimental Procedures

Transfections: NT2 cells (ATCC# CRL1973) were plated on 60 mm dishes ata density of 0.5×10⁶ and grown at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ atmosphere in DMEMsupplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 100 units each ofpenicillin and streptomycin. The CLN3 cDNA was subcloned in the pCMV4vector for transient transfections and in the pOPRSV1CAT vector or thepCEP4 vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) for stable transfections(Andersson S, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264: 8222-8229 (1989); Fieck A, etal., Nucleic Acid Res. 20: 1785-1791 (1992)). Transfections with theCLN3-pCMV4 construct or the CLN3-pOPRSV1CAT construct were carried outby the calcium phosphate method according to the manufacturer's protocolusing the MBS transfection kit (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.).Transfections with the CLN3-pCEP4 construct were carried out usingSuperfect reagent (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) according to themanufacturer's method. Transiently transfected cells were harvested forall analyses within 48 hours of transfection. Stable clones wereselected either with 500 μg/ml geneticin (CLN3-pOPRSV1CAT) or with 100μg/ml hygromycin (CLN3-pCEP4) and subsequently grown under selectivepressure.

Drug treatments: Dose response curves were established for etoposide,vincristine and staurosporine in NT2 cells (FIGS. 3Ai, 3Bi and 3Ci).Stably transfected NT2 cells and vector control cells were seeded at adensity of 5×10⁴ cells/well in 12-well plates, allowed to attach andthen were treated with etoposide (10 μg/ml) or vincristine (1 μg/ml) orstaurosporine (500 nM) for 18 h and the number of viable cells countedby the trypan blue assay. Survival represents the number of drug treatedviable cells divided by the number of untreated viable cells andexpressed as a percentage. Protection is calculated as the difference insurvival between CLN3-overexpressing cells and the vector-transfectedcontrol cells. The degree of protection is calculated as the differencein survival between treated CLN3-overexpressing and vector control cellsdivided by the survival of treated vector control cells. The values arefrom three separate experiments, each of which was carried out intriplicate (FIGS. 3Aii, 3Bii, and 3Cii).

RT-PCR: Messenger RNA was isolated from NT2 cells by theoligo-dT-cellulose method using the QuickPrep Micro MRNA Purificationkit (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Piscataway, N.J.). The mRNA was convertedto cDNA by the reverse transcription (RT) reaction (Estus et al, 94).PCR reactions were set up with the first strand cDNA, 1U of Taqpolymerase and 5 μCi of α³²P-dCTP in each reaction. The reactions wereperformed in Taq buffer containing 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 2.5 mM dCTP and 5 mMeach of dATP, dGTP and dTTP. The primers used for amplification of CLN3were 5′ primer: 5′-GGTGGACAGTATTCAAGGG-3′ (958-976) and 3′ primer:5′-CTTGGCAGAAAGACGAAC-3′ (1229-1246). Cyclophilin was used as theinternal control and primers used for cyclophilin amplification were the5′ primer: 5′-AAATGCTGGACCCAACAC-3′ (317-334) and 3′ primer:5′-AAACACCACATGCTTGCC-3′ (384-401). The reaction conditions used were 1minute at 94° C., 1 minute at 50° C. and 2 minutes at 72° C. for 20cycles. The PCR amplified products were analyzed on an 8% non-denaturingpolyacrylamide gel that was dried and visualized by autoradiography. Theamplified signal was quantitated using a Phosphorlmager (MolecularDynamics Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif.). The results are expressed as theratio of CLN3 signal to that of the internal control cyclophilin. Thisprovides a reproducible and comparative, semi-quantitative measure ofCLN3 expression.

Western Blottingfor CLN3 and PARP detection: The CLN3 antibody used inthis study is a polyclonal antibody raised against the peptide sequenceAAHDILSHKRTSGNQSHVDP corresponding to amino acids 58-77 of the CLN3protein (Research Genetics, Huntsville, Ala.). Total cellular extractsfor CLN3 detection were prepared from NT2 cells transfected with CLN3 orthe appropriate vector control. Cells were washed with cold PBS andlysed in buffer (250 mM NaCl, 0.1% NP40, 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.0, 5 mM EDTA,1 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF) on ice for 10 min. The lysate was collected andclarified by centrifugation at 12,000 ×g for 10 min at 4° C. Thesupernatant was quantitated for total protein by the BioRad proteinassay method. Equal amounts of total protein from each sample wereelectrophoresed on a 9% SDS-polyacrylamide gel in buffer containing0.092 M glycine, 0.125 M Tris-OH and 2% SDS. The gel was transferredonto nitrocellulose membrane by semidry electroblotting and blocked byincubation in solution containing 3% BSA in TBST (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20) buffer for one hour at 25° C. followedby incubation with the CLN3 antibody (IgG fraction) diluted in TBST, for15 hours at 25° C. After extensive washes with TBST buffer, the membranewas incubated in a 1:5000 dilution of goat-anti-rabbit IgG conjugatedwith horseradish peroxidase for 30 minutes at 25° C. The blot was washedand developed using the chemiluminescence detection system (Amersham,Arlington Heights, Ill.).

For the PARP analysis, transfected NT2 cells were harvested by scrapingin PBS followed by lysis in gel loading buffer containing 62.5 mMTris-HCl pH 6.8, 6 M urea, 10% glycerol, 2% SDS, 0.003% bromophenol blueand 5% 2-mercaptoethanol. The samples were incubated at 65° C. for 15min prior to being electrophoresed on a 9% SDS-polyacrylamide gel asabove. The primary antibody for detection of PARP (obtained from EnzymeSystem, Dublin, Calif.) was used at a dilution of 1:5000. Westernblotting was carried out as described above.

Immunocytochemistry and TUNEL Staining: For immunostaining, NT2 cellstransfected with CLN3 or the vector alone were grown on glasscoverslips, and fixed in 2% formaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde for 15minutes at 4° C. NT2 cells stably overexpressing CLN3 were also grown oncoverslips and then fixed. The cells were permeabilized by treatmentwith 0.1% Triton X-100 for 30 minutes at 25° C. followed by incubationin 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for1 hour at 25° C. The cells were then incubated for 16 hours with theCLN3 antibody (IgG fraction) made up in PBS containing 3% BSA. Afterremoval of the primary antibody and washes, the cells were incubated ina 1:500 dilution of biotin conjugated goat-anti-rabbit IgG for 1 hour at25° C. This was followed by incubation with avidin conjugatedhorseradish peroxidase for 30 minutes at 25° C. The cells were thenwashed and incubated with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB). The cells werecounterstained with Hematoxylin Blue, rinsed in xylene and thecoverslips mounted on slides. The slides were viewed with a lightmicroscope. TUNEL staining was carried out on transient- orstable-transfected NT2 cells grown on glass coverslips using thefluorescent Apoptag Direct kit (Oncor, Gaithersburg, Md.) following themanufacturer's protocol (Schmitz G Anal. Biochem. 192: 222-231 (1991)).After counterstaining with propidium iodide, the coverslips were mountedon slides and the cells visualized under a fluorescent microscope.

Cell proliferation assay by [³H] thymidine incorporation: NT2 cellsstably tranfected with CLN3 or the appropriate vector control wereplated in 12 well plates at a density of 1×10⁵ cells/well and incubatedwith 0.5 μCi/ml [³H] thymidine at the indicated times for 4 h. The cellswere then washed twice with ice-cold PBS and the DNA precipitated with5% trichloroacetic acid. The TCA precipitate was dissolved in 0.4 ml of0.25 M NaOH and the incorporated [³H] thymidine measured by liquidscintillation counting. For each time point three separate samples weremeasured.

Ceramide determination: NT2 cells transiently or stably transfected withCLN3 or the vector alone were harvested and the total lipid extractedaccording to the Bligh & Dyer method (Bligh E G and Dyer W J Can. J.Biochem. Physiol. 37: 911-917 (1959)). The ceramide assay was performedas previously described (Zhang J, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.93: 5325-5328 (1996)). The labeled ceramide was viewed byautoradiography and quantitated using a liquid scintillation counter.Ceramide was expressed as pmole per nmole of total phospholipid. Formeasurement of activated ceramide, both the appropriate vector andCLN3-overexpressing cells (transient and stable) were treated withvincristine (1 μg/ml) for 18 h and subjected to lipid extractionfollowed by ceramide measurements. The data from these experiments isrepresented as change in ceramide level and reflects the percentagedifference in ceramide values before and after vincristine treatment.

II. Results and Discussion

A. Overexpression of CLN3 Increases NT2 Cell Survival

Transient overexpression of CLN3 subcloned into the pCMV4 vector in NT2cells was assessed by RT-PCR as shown in the left panel of FIG. 1A. NT2cells were stably transfected with CLN3 subcloned into pOPRSV1CAT, whichresulted in a CLN3 signal 2.5 times stronger in CLN3 transfected NT2cells compared to vector transfected cells as determined by RT-PCR (FIG.1B, left panel). CLN3 protein overexpression was demonstrated by Westernblot and immunocytochemistry. The Western blot shows that CLN3 proteinis expressed at a higher level in three stable NT2 cell clones(CLN3-pOPRSV1CAT seen in FIG. 1D left panel, and CLN3 I-pCEP4 and CLN3II-pCEP4 seen in FIG. 1D left panel) overexpressing CLN3 in comparisonto those transfected with vector alone (FIG. 1C). Immunocytochemistryconfirms CLN3 overexpression in both a transient overexpression system(FIG. 1A, right panel) and a stable overexpressing system (FIG. 1B,right panel). Three different stable NT2 cell clones overexpressing CLN3had a higher rate of thymidine incorporation compared to correspondingvector controls: for the CLN3-pOPRSV1CAT it was double, and for bothpCEP4 clones it was five-fold at 36 h compared to the vector controls.This exceeded 100% at 36 hours for all three clones. This indicates thatCLN3 positively modulates the rate of growth of NT2 cells.

B. CLN3 Rescues from Serum Withdrawal Induced Growth Inhibition

Serum deprivation is known to induce apoptosis in lymphoid (Obeid L M,et al., Science 259: 1769-1771 (1993)), neuronal and other cell lines(Howard M K, et al., J. Neurochem. 60: 1783-1791 (1993); Kulkarni G Vand McCulloch C A J. Cell Sci. 107: 1169-1179 (1994)). At the very leastserum starvation inhibits growth. We demonstrate that serum starvationinduces growth arrest in NT2 cells. NT2 cells grown in DMEM with 10% FBSexhibit logarithmic growth for 38 hours with a doubling time of 14hours; serum withdrawal blunts logarithmic growth of NT2 cells (FIG.2A). The effect of stable CLN3 overexpression on growth inhibitioninduced by serum withdrawal was assessed using the trypan blue dyeexclusion method. The survival rate was calculated as the number ofviable cells grown in serum free medium divided by the number of viablecells grown in serum supplemented medium. The amount of protectionconsisted of the difference between survival rate of CLN3- andvector-overexpressing NT2 cells. The degree of protection consists ofthe amount of protection divided by the survival rate of the vectorcontrol cells. CLN3 stably transfected NT2 cells grown in medium lackingserum had a much higher survival rate as compared to NT2 cells stablytransfected with vector alone. The degree of protection from serumstarvation induced growth inhibition exceeded 100% in cells stablyoverexpressing CLN3 at 12 hours and was even higher at 36 hours (FIG.2B).

C. CLN3 Protects from Drug Mediated Apoptosis

The drugs etoposide and vincristine are chemotherapeutic agents known toinduce apoptosis. The effect of etoposide is mediated by blockingtopoisomerase II (Walker P R, et al., Cancer Res. 51: 1078-1085 (1991)),whereas vincristine induces cell death by interfering with spindleformation and the progression of the cell cycle (Harmon B V et al., CellProlif. 25: 523-536 (1992)). NT2 cells were stably transfected with CLN3or vector alone followed by treatment with 10 μg/ml of etoposide or 1μg/ml of vincristine, which are the doses resulting in 50% killing at 18hours (FIGS. 3Ai and 3Bi). The protection conferred by stable CLN3overexpression on NT2 cell viability was measured by trypan blueexclusion: CLN3-overexpressing NT2 cells had a degree of protection fromcell death exceeding up to 78% following treatment with etoposide (FIG.3Aii). After vincristine treatment, stable CLN3-overexpressing NT2 cellshad up to a 52% degree of protection as compared to vector transfectedcells (FIG. 3Bii). Transiently transfected NT2 cells were harvestedafter 18 hours of drug treatment with etoposide, and stained by theTUNEL technique (data not shown). A much larger number of greenapoptotic nuclei is seen in the treated vector cells. Conversely,transient overexpression of antisense CLN3 cDNA decreased the survivalrate of NT2 cells treated with etoposide by 10% and vincristine by 16%.Staurosporine, a potent protein kinase inhibitor, has been shown totrigger both the morphological changes and DNA fragmentation associatedwith apoptosis in many different cell lines (Bertand R, et al., Exp.Cell Res. 211: 314-321 (1994)). The optimal staurosporine concentrationfor causing apoptosis in NT2 cells was established as being 500 nM (FIG.3Ci). Viability was determined in NT2 cells stably transfected with CLN3or vector following treatment with 500 nM staurosporine for 18 hours(FIG. 3Cii). The degree of protection of stable CLN3-overexpressing NT2cell clones ranged from 42% to 129% compared to the correspondingvector-transfected NT2 cells.

A hallmark of apoptosis is the fragmentation of nuclear DNA intonucleosome-sized fragments creating a DNA ladder of 180 bp and itsconcatamers (Arends M J, et al., Am. J. Pathol. 136: 593-608 (1990)).The drugs etoposide, staurosporine and vincristine cause DNAfragmentation in NT2 cells. NT2 cells were transiently transfected withCLN3 or vector alone, then treated with the drugs prior to theextraction of low molecular weight DNA (Rosenbaum D M, et al., Ann.Neurol. 36: 864-870 (1994)). Transient overexpression of CLN3 resultedin a reduction in the extent of DNA fragmentation caused by these drugs(FIG. 4). CLN3 was also found to be protective against vincristineand/or etoposide induced apoptosis in PC-12 neuronal cells, 293 kidneyepithelial cells and U937 lymphoid cells. This was seen by either theTUNEL method or DNA ladder formation (results not shown).

D. The Biologic Function of CLN3

These findings assign a major biologic function to the novel gene CLN3found to be defective in the juvenile form of Batten disease. Whenoverexpressed, CLN3 protects cells from growth arrest induced by serumstarvation and from death induced by treatment with the proapoptoticagents vincristine, etoposide and staurosporine. The protective functionof CLN3 appears to be vital for maintenance of cell survival in thecentral nervous system. The evidence for massive and progressive loss ofneurons and photoreceptors in patients homozygous for the 1.02 kb CLN3deletion provides a naturally occurring model where both alleles areknocked out. The neuropathologic lesion in the juvenile form of Battendisease underscores the importance of the CLN3 protein for survival ofboth neurons and photoreceptor cells. However, we show that theantiapoptotic effect of CLN3 is not just restricted to neurons but isoperative in other mammalian cells. We have confirmed it inpheochromocytoma derived PC-12 cells, epithelial 293 cells and lymphoidU937 cells. CLN3 seems to be crucial for the survival of postmitotic,fully differentiated nondividing cells, particularly cortical neurons inthe brain and photoreceptor cells in the eye. One possible explanationfor this is that the eye and the brain are both immune-privileged sitesthat cannot tolerate destructive inflammatory responses: Fas-Fas ligandinteractions in the eye and brain promote apoptosis and normally protectthese organs from tissue damage induced by inflammation (Griffith T S,et al., Science 270: 1189-1192 (1995); Griffith T S, et al., Immunity 5:7-16 (1996)). Both neurons and photoreceptors are known to express Fasligand and lymphoid cells express Fas receptor. This could be one ofmultiple mechanisms of immune privilege and the reason why loss offunction of the antiapoptotic gene, CLN3, is phenotypically expressedonly in the eye and brain in Batten disease. The absence or defects inkey locations of the CLN3 gene in juvenile Batten may be sufficient forthe apoptotic demise of both neurons and photoreceptors.

E. Modulation of Endogenous Ceramide by CLN3

Elevation of proapoptotic ceramide levels in the brain of patients withJNCL suggested a possible link between CLN3 and ceramide (Puranam K, etal., Neuropediatrics 28: 37-41 (1997)). We have shown that ceramidelevels when measured as pmoles/nmoles of phospholipid drop by 18% in NT2cells transiently transfected with CLN3 compared to NT2 cells justtransfected with vector (FIG. 5A, left panel). Endogenous ceramidelevels in NT2 cells stably transfected with CLN3 dropped by 69% (FIG.5A, right panel). Also, both transient and stable overexpression of CLN3prevented vincristine-induced activation of ceramide in NT2 cells (FIG.5B). The attenuation of vincristine-induced activation of ceramide byCLN3 parallels the protective effect of CLN3 overexpression on NT2 cellsurvival seen following treatment with vincristine (FIGS. 3Bii). We showthat C₂-ceramide is an effective apoptotic agent in NT2 cells (FIG. 5C).Overexpression of CLN3 did not rescue NT2 cells from exogenousceramide-induced killing (FIG. 5D). This suggests that CLN3 inhibitsapoptosis proximally at the level of ceramide signaling in NT2 cells.The proteolytic cleavage of PARP or poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase by theprotease caspase-3 has been identified as one of the key downstreamevents in the execution of apoptotic cell death (White E Genes Develop.10: 1-15 (1996)). The chemotherapeutic drug etoposide has been shown toact via this pathway and cause proteolysis of the 116 kDa PARP proteinto fragments that are 85 kDa and 25 kDa in size (Kaufmann S, et al.,Cancer Res. 53: 3976-3985 (1993)). In order to investigate whether CLN3protection is conferred along this pathway, we studied the effect ofoverexpression of CLN3 on the cleavage of PARP in NT2 cells. NT2 cellswere transiently transfected with CLN3 or vector alone and subsequentlytreated with 10 μg/ml etoposide for 18 hours. Total cellular extractswere analyzed using a polyclonal anti-PARP antibody by Western blotting(FIG. 6). In the absence of etoposide, the 116 kDa PARP protein isintact in both CLN3 and vector transfected cells. Following etoposidetreatment, NT2 cells transiently overexpressing CLN3 show a decrease inthe amount of cleaved 85 kDa PARP fragment as compared to control cells.This indicates that CLN3 modulates ceramide levels which in turn lead toa blunting of the activation of the executionary phase of apoptosis byindirectly inhibiting activation of caspase-3, the enzyme that cleavesPARP into the apoptosis specific 85 kDa fragment.

F. Mechanism of Action of CLN3 on Cell Survival

Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory for the instantinvention, the following observations are offered. Antiapoptotic agentsmay protect the cell via one or more of the following: antioxidanteffects; regulation of calcium transport; inhibition of the proteasecascade; interference with protein translocation, ubiquination ordegradation; modulation of signal transduction pathways and /orregulation of release of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (White EGenes Develop. 10: 1-15 (1996); Hannun Y A Science 274: 1855-1859(1996); Liu X, et al., Cell 86: 147-157 (1996)). The coexistence ofelevation of proapoptotic ceramide and apoptosis in brain from patientswith JNCL (Lane S C, et al., J. Neurochem. 67: 677-683 (1996); PuranamK, et al., Neuropediatrics 28: 37-41 (1997)) led us to suggest thefollowing: the signaling lipid second messenger ceramide and theneuroprotective protein CLN3 partake in the same pathway of cell growthand regulation. Significant drops in endogenous andvincristine-activated ceramide levels in response to overexpression ofthe CLN3 protein in NT2 cells strongly supports this hypothesis.Ceramide formation or breakdown in the cell has at least five, if notmore, known origins: 1) sphingomyelin hydrolysis via neutral or acidsphingomyelinase (Rena L A, et al., Biochem. Pharm. 53: 615-621 (1997));2) breakdown to sphingosine by ceramidase; 3) generation of cerebrosidesvia cerebroside synthase, 4) de novo synthesis of ceramide by ceramidesynthase, and 5) formation of ceramide phosphate by ceramide kinase.CLN3, predicted to reside in the membrane, probably fine-tunesregulation of the apoptotic pathway by blunting or attenuating ceramidegeneration. CLN3 could be acting as a dimmer-switch for one of thereactions responsible for ceramide formation. One of these enzymes couldbe a target for the action of the CLN3 protein, or CLN3 could actuallybe one of those enzymes (FIG. 7). Ceramide leads to activation ofcaspase-3 (Smyth M J, et al., Biochem. J. 316: 25-28 (1996)). We havealso shown that the overexpression of CLN3 inhibits the activation ofcaspase-3 following etoposide treatment as demonstrated in FIG. 7. Thisoccurs probably because CLN3 modulates endogenous ceramide levelsfurther upstream and is most likely not a direct effect of CLN3 oncaspase-3. The fact that CLN3 overexpression does not rescue NT2 cellsfrom killing in response to exogenous C₂- or C₆-ceramide confirms thatCLN3 is acting upstream of ceramide in the apoptotic pathway. Oncekilling of cells has been set in motion by exogenously suppliedceramide, CLN3 is impotent in blocking cell death (FIG. 8). This is incontrast to Bcl-2, which acts downstream of ceramide, but upstream ofcaspase-3 (Perry D K, et al., Cell Death Differen. 4: 29-33 (1997);Zhang J, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 5325-5328 (1996)).The upregulation of Bcl-2 in surviving neurons from brains of Battenpatients actually implies the following: Bcl-2 and CLN3 protect neuronsfrom apoptosis via two separate mechanisms that probably operateindependently of one another (Puranam et al, supra). In our hands, PKC αis the predominant form of protein kinase C in NT2 cells. We found noeffect of stable CLN3 overexpression on translocation of PKC α in NT2cells upon stimulation with phorbol esters (0.1 μM PMA) even after 2hours of stimulation (Lee J Y, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271: 13169-13174(1996)). Also, stable CLN3 overexpression had no effect on basal orcalcium and lipid stimulated PKC kinase activity (unpublished data).This suggests that the effect of CLN3 on ceramide generation andceramide-induced apoptosis in NT2 cells is independent of PKC signaltransduction pathways identifying an alternate route of sphingomyelinsignal transduction.

EXAMPLE 2 CLN3 is Overexpressed in Cancer Cells

I. Materials and Methods

Cell Culture. All cells used are human cell lines. The EB-virustransformed lymphoblast cell line, HS, was grown in suspension in RPMI1640 media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). 293 (ATCC#CRL-1573), a kidney epithelial cell line, was grown in Dulbecco'sModified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS. The followingcell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection(Rockville, Md.). HL-60 cells (ATCC# CCL-240) were grown in RPMI 1640supplemented with 15% FBS. BT-20 cells (ATCC# HTB-19) were grown in RPMI1640 supplemented with 5% FBS. BT-474 cells (ATCC# HTB-121) were grownin RPMI 1640 with Insulin and L-Glutamine supplemented with 10% FBS.BT-549 cells (ATCC# HTB-122) were grown in ROMI 1640 supplemented with10% FBS. HCT-116 cells (ATCC# CCL-247) were grown in McCoy's 5A mediumsupplemented with 10% FBS. SW1116 (ATCC# CCL-233) and SW480 (ATCC#CCL-288) were both grown in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with10% FBS. Hs 683 cells (ATCC# HTB-138), A-172 cells (ATCC# CRL-1620), andA-375 cells (ATCC# CRL-1619) were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10%FBS. IMR-32 cells (ATCC# CCL-127) and C32 cells (ATCC# 1585) were bothgrown in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium with non-essential amino acidssupplemented with 10% FBS.

All cell lines were supplemented with 100 units each of penicillin andstreptomycin and maintained at 37% C in a 5% CO₂ atmosphere with theexception of SW1116, which required a free gas exchange environment ofCO₂ and atmospheric air. Cells were fed 2-3 times/week.

Quantitative RT-PCR. RT-PCR was used to assess differences in CLN3messenger RNA levels in cell lines. Approximately 2.5×10⁵ cells wereused per sample for the mRNA harvesting. The mRNA was isolated from eachsample by the oligo-dT-cellulose method using the Quick Prep Micro MRNAPurification kit (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Piscataway, N.J.). The mRNAwas then converted to cDNA by the reverse transcription (RT) reaction inaccordance with known techniques. For each sample, one-fourth of the RNAobtained, or 5 μl, was used for the RT reaction. The RT reaction wascarried out in buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCL, pH 8.3, 40 mM KCL, 6 mMMgCl₂, 1 mM DTT, 0.5 mM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP, 16 μM randomprimers (haxamers) and 20 U Rnasin (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.) in afinal volume of 30 μl. After addition of 1 U of Superscript reversetranscriptase (GIBCO BRL), the sample was incubated at 20° C. for 10minutes followed by 50 minutes at 42° C. The reaction was terminated byadding 70 μl DEPC treated water and incubating at 94° C. for 5 minutes.The PCR reactions were set up with 10 μl of the cDNA, synthesized in theRT reaction above, 1 U of Taq polymerase (Perkin Elmer), and 5 μCi ofα³²P-dCTP in each reaction. The reactions were performed in Taq buffer(Perkin Elmer), containing 15. mM MgCl₂, 2.5 mM dCTP and 5 mM each ofdATP, dGTP, and dTTP. The primers use for amplification of CLN3 andcyclophilin, an internal control for MRNA, are listed below. Thereaction conditions used for amplification were 1 minute at 94° C., 1minute at 50° C., and 2 minutes at 72° C. for 20 cycles in a 9600 PerkinElmer Thermocycler (Foster City, Calif.). The PCR amplified productswere analyzed on an 8% nondenaturing acrylamide gel, which as dried andvisualized by autoradiography. The amplified signal was quantitated on aMolecular Dynamics phosphorimager using ImageQuant software (Sunnyvale,Calif.). The results are expressed as the ratio of CLN3 signal to thatof the internal control, cyclophilin; the quantitated value of CLN3present in the sample was divided by the quantitated value ofcyclophilin.

Primers used for PCR amplification of human CLN3 were:

5′ primer: 5′-GGTGGACAGTATTCAGGG-3′ (958-976)

3′ primer: 5′-CTTGGCAGAAAGACGAAC-3′ (1229-1246)

Primers used for amplification of human cyclophilin amplification:

5′ primer: 5′-AAATGCTGGACCCAACAC-3′ (317-334)

3′ primer: 5′-AAACACCACATGCTTGCC-3′ (384-401)

II. Results.

An initial look at EB-virus transformed lymphoblasts (HS) and a leukemiacell line (HL-60) show that HL-60 cells had 2.3 times more CLN3expression than HS after normalizing to the internal control,cyclophilin (FIG. 8A). Next, 293, a kidney epithelial cell line, waschosen as a control because a wide variety of cancer cell morphology isepithelial. To test its suitability and viability as a control, thelevel of CLN3 expressed in 293 was compared to the levels expressed inHCT-116, a colon cancer cell line, and BT-20, a breast cancer cell line.CLN3 levels were 4.1 and 2.8 times more in HCT-116 and BT-20,respectively, than in 293 (FIG. 9A).

Based on the elevated CLN3 expression of BT-20 compared to 293, two morebreast cancer cell lines, BT-474 and BT-549, were selected forcomparison with 293 along with BT-20. Results show that all three breastcancer cells have upregulated CLN3 MRNA levels compared to 293 (FIG.10A). BT-474, BT-20, and BT-549 had 1.9, 3.0, and 4.8 times more CLN3expression than 293, respectively. To better substantiate the elevatedCLN3 expression in HCT-116, a well differentiated colon cancer cellline, SW480, and a poorly differentiated colon cancer cell line, SW1116,were chosen, along with HCT-116, for comparison with 293 (FIG. 11A).HCT-116 again showed over-expression of CLN3 compared to 293, with 3.0times more CLN3 expressed. SW480 showed a more dramatic over-expression,with 7.7 times the level of 293. SW1116 had the largest difference inCLN3 expression compared to 293, with 21.5 times more CLN3 expressed.

A further screening of other cancer types was conducted. Two melanomacell lines, C32 and A-375, a neuroblastoma cell line, IMR-32, a gliomacell line, Hs683, and a glioblastoma cell line, A-172, were comparedagainst 293 (FIG. 12A). Interestingly, C32 (melanoma) actually showed0.8 times the CLN3 expression compared to 293. It was the only cell lineexamined in this experiment that had less CLN3 expression than 293. Theother melanoma cell line, A-375, and the glioblastoma cell line A-172,both had a very slight upregulation of CLN3, with 1.2 times more than293. Hs683, the glioma cell line, had 1.7 times the CLN3 expressioncompared to 293. The neuroblastoma cell line, IMR-32, had a notable 12.7times the CLN3 expression compared to 293.

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of Adenoviral CLN3 Antisense Vectors

A CMV enhancer/promoter element, juxtaposed to the CLN3 DNA in ananti-sense configuration, followed by the SV-40 polyadenylation signalwas subcloned as a minigene cassette into the AscI site of the shuttlingplasmid pAdAscLwt. PAdAscLwt contains as a circular plasmid: nucleotides1-358 of the AdS genome, followed by the AscI restriction enzymesubcloning site, followed by nucleotides 3329-15671 of the Ad5 genome,followed by the bacterial plasmid backbone containing the ampicillinresistance gene and bacterial origin of replication derived from thecommonly used bacterial plasmid pAT153. The resultant plasmid wasdesignated pAdAscLwtCMV-antisenseCLN3pA. The shuttle plasmid waslinearized by restriction enzyme digestion, and contransfected intohuman 293 cells (supplying adenoviral E1 functions in trans) along withClaI restriction enzyme digested full length adenoviral DNA. Successfulrecombination between the homologous portions of the shuttle plasmid andthe Ad viral DNA sequences resulted in the generation of a recombinant,E1 deleted Ad vector capable of transducing the CMV-driven antisenseCLN3 cDNA to all cells amenable to Ad vector infection.

EXAMPLE 4 CLN3 Antisense Vectors Inhibit Growth of Cancer Cells

Cell proliferation was assayed by counting cell numbers and measuring[³H]-thymidine incorporation. Data were expressed as the mean values ofthree wells.

To observe a dose-response relationship, BT-20 breast cancer cells andSW1116 colon cancer cells were plated overnight in 24-well plates at adensity of 1×10⁵ cells/well. Then, cells were infected withAd-Antisense-CLN3 or adenovirus (vector) at 8, 40, and 80 MOI. After 24hours, 0.5 μCi/ml [³H]thymidine (DuPont) was added to each well for 4hours. To measure [³H]thymidine incorporation, each well was washed withtwo changes of ice-cold PBS. Thereafter, DNA was precipitated with 5%trichloroacetic acid and dissolved in 0.4 ml of 0.25 M NaOh.Incorporated radioactivity was detected by liquid scintillationcounting. Data for SW1116 is given in FIG. 13.

To study a time-response relationship, BT-20 and SW1116 cells wereplated overnight in 12 well plates at a density of 2×10⁵ cells/well.Then, cells were infected with Ad-Antisense-CLN3 or adenovirus (vector)at 10 MOI. At the indicated dates, cell prolilferation was assayed by[³H]thymidine incorporation and/or by counting cells using ahemocytometer. Cell growth of SW116 after one-day infection is given asthymidine uptake in FIG. 14 and as cell numbers at various days afterinfection in FIG. 15. Cell growth of BT-20 cells after one-day infectionis given in FIG. 16, and as cell numbers at various days after infectionin FIG. 17. Finally, thymidine uptake of BT-20 cells at various daysafter infection is given in FIG. 18.

These data indicate that the proliferation of cancer cells, specificallycolon cancer cells and breast cancer cells, is inhibited by infectionwith a vector that expresses an antisense construct to the CLN3 genetranscript.

The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention, and is not to beconstrued as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the followingclaims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.

1-46. (canceled)
 47. A method of identifying a human subject having anincreased risk of developing breast cancer, comprising detectingupregulation of the CLN3 gene in said subject, wherein upregulation ofthe CLN3 gene in said subject identifies the subject as having anincreased risk of developing breast cancer.
 48. The method of claim 47,wherein said subject has been previously diagnosed with breast cancer.49. The method of claim 47, wherein said subject has not been previouslydiagnosed with breast cancer.
 50. The method of claim 47, wherein saidsubject has been previously identified to be at increased risk ofdeveloping breast cancer.
 51. The method of claim 47, wherein saidsubject has not been previously identified to be at increased risk ofdeveloping breast cancer.
 52. The method of claim 47, wherein saiddetecting step is carried out by detecting increased mRNA levels forsaid CLN3 gene.
 53. The method of claim 47, wherein said subject hasundergone treatment for breast cancer.